Abstract
This paper is a technical description of an X-ray machine and the water cycle.
Technical Description of a Medical X-Ray Machine
Introduction
the process by which Medical X-Ray machines work is called projectional radiography. The X-ray was discovered by a German physics professor in 1895 when he discovered that they could pass through human tissue but could not pass through bone or metal. The medical X-ray machine uses projectional radiography to produce 2d images of the human skeleton. X-ray based methods in medical imaging includes conventional X-rays, CT scans and mammography.
Why it’s Used
X-rays give medical professionals the ability to look for problems in the human body without an incision. The use of an X-ray machine is important in identifying some forms of cancer, identifying various medical conditions and in dental care.
Parts of a X-ray Machine
Operating Console: Allows the operator of the console the ability to control both the quantity and the quality of X-rays being used.
High Frequency Generator: Powers the X-ray tube and is used over high voltage generators because they produce less voltage ripples
X-ray Tube: An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that converts electrical inputs into X-rays.
Collimator and Grid: Uses lead plating to decrease field of view and unnecessary exposure.
X-ray Film: The part of the machine that forms the image.
How Does it Work?
The functionality of X-ray machines begins with the operating console. This gives the operator the ability to control the current and voltage used in the X-ray tube. The operating console uses the high frequency generator (used to be the high voltage generator) to transmit this energy to the X-ray tube. The X-ray tube is where all the magic happens. The cathode and the anode are an electron pair that sits within this tube. The cathode is a heated filament that uses the energy provided by the high frequency generator to sputter electrons off the filaments surface. The positively charged tungsten anode draws the electrons across the vacuum tube. The voltage difference between the anode and the cathode is large causing the electrons to traverse the vacuum with extreme force. The collision of these electrons with tungsten knocking one of its lower orbital electrons loose. An electron in a higher orbital immediately drops to a lower orbital in order to compensate causing a release of energy. Because the drop in the orbital is significant the photon created is an X-ray photon.
Technical description of the Water cycle.
Introduction
The water cycle is a process by which water moves naturally throughout its phases in the world. The modern concept of the water cycle was developed in the late 16th century and is commonly taught to all students to understand how one of the most abundant recources (ether usable or not) works.
Phases
Various different sources have various different phases for the water cycle but this one will consist of the important ones
Evaporation: The phase where water transitions from a liquid to gaseous state.
Condensation: The phase where water transitions from a gaseous to liquid state.
Precipitation: The phase where water held in clouds falls to the surface.
Surface runoff: The phase where water that has fallen from the clouds runs along the surface of the earth.
Infiltration: The phase where water in the runoff phase infiltrates the soil
Transpiration: The phase where moisture on plants is evaporated.
The Cycle
Water in a body water usually stays the way it is unless a forces is acted upon it. Without the presence of additional heat water stays in its liquid state but when heat is applied water molecules change. When heat energy is applied to the system (originating from the sun) The water molecules move more rapidly causing the shift from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase. Water that has evaporated moves up through the atmosphere until the temperature drops and it reverts back to its liquid phase through the process of condensation. This water builds up in clouds until the cloud essentially breaks open through the process of precipitation. Water falls on to the earth’s surface and runs along it through in a process called surface runoff. In the process many things can happen. The water can collect pollutants in this phase, go directly into the ocean or infiltrate the soil. In infiltration water enters the soil and can either evaporate directly from the soil or enter plants through roots. In transpiration water evaporates through plant surfaces. The water ycle is complete once water goes back to the phase of evaporation.
Bibliography
Components of an X-ray, Syed Jamal, https://www.slideshare.net/muffafa/2-components-of-xray-machine
Operation Console, Joseph Causapin, Rad Tech Society, http://radtechsociety.blogspot.com/2012/11/x-ray-imaging-system.html
Anti-Scatter X-ray Collimators, Nuclear Fields, http://www.nuclearfields.com/anti-scatter-xray-collimators.htm
How X-rays Work. Tom Harris, How stuff Works, https://science.howstuffworks.com/x-ray2.htm
